Isishwankathelo seMveliso
I-Dichloromethane (DCM), enefomyula yekhemikhali i-CH₂Cl₂, yi-hydrocarbon engenambala, ecacileyo, neguquguqukayo enevumba elimnandi elithambileyo. Njengesinyibilikisi esibalulekileyo semizi-mveliso, i-DCM ikwindawo ekhethekileyo kwimveliso yamachiza kunye nokucubungula ngenxa yokunyibilika kwayo okunamandla, ubuthi obuphantsi kunye nokungatsha (xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-hydrocarbons ezine-chlorine). Inokunyibilikisa ngokufanelekileyo izinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo ezifana neeoyile, ii-resins, iirabha kunye nee-cellulose esters. Okwangoku, ayinakunyibilika kakhulu ngamanzi kwaye ikwiqondo lokubila eliphakathi (39.8℃), okwenza kube lula ukuyibuyisela ngokuyinyibilikisa.
Kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso, i-DCM isetyenziswa kakhulu njengesisusi-peyinti, iarhente yokucoca isinyithi kunye nearhente yokuvuthela (umz., ukuvelisa i-polyurethane foam). Ikwasebenza njengesinyibilikisi sempendulo kunye ne-extractant ekuhlanganiseni amayeza kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane, kunye nesinyibilikisi ekuveliseni iifilimu. Ukongeza, i-DCM yayikhe yasetyenziswa ekukhupheni i-caffeine kwishishini lokutya, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kweli candelo kuye kwathintelwa ngokungqongqo okanye kwatshintshwa ngenxa yeengxabano zokhuseleko.
Uphuhliso lwamva nje lweShishini
Kutshanje, imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo kwi-DCM ibe yinto ephambili kwihlabathi liphela. Ekuqaleni kowama-2024, i-European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) icebise ukuba i-DCM idweliswe kuluhlu lwemiqathango engqongqo ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwayo lweengozi zempilo emsebenzini, olunokuthi luqinise ngakumbi imida yokuvezwa kwe-DCM emsebenzini kwiindawo zoshishino. Olu phuhliso lutsale ingqalelo enkulu kubasebenzisi baseYurophu abasezantsi, abavavanya iindleko zezisombululo ezizezinye okanye amanyathelo olawulo lobunjineli angqongqo ngakumbi.
E-China, uMphathiswa we-Ecology and Environment uqhubeke nokubandakanya i-DCM kuluhlu lweekhemikhali eziyingozi phantsi kolawulo oluphambili lokusingqongileyo, kwaye ukhuthaza ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwe-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) ngexesha lokuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Abanye oorhulumente basekhaya bakhuphe imigaqo-nkqubo ekhuthaza ukuncitshiswa okanye ukupheliswa kwe-DCM kwiindawo apho kukho ezinye iindlela ezinokwenzeka, ezinje ngokucoca nokususa ipeyinti, nto leyo eye yakhuthaza amashishini afanelekileyo ukuba akhawulezise utshintsho lobuchwepheshe.
Ngokuphathelele ukunikezelwa kwemarike, kwisiqingatha sokuqala sowama-2024, ukunikezelwa kweDCM kwihlabathi liphela kwakukhe kwaba nzima kwaye amaxabiso ayenyuka rhoqo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwishishini le-chlor-alkali elinyukayo kunye nokugcinwa kwezityalo kwezinye iindawo zaseAsia. Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhululwa kancinci kancinci kwamandla amatsha emveliso (ingakumbi evela eTshayina), ukunikezelwa kwemarike kunye nemfuno kulindeleke ukuba kuhambele phambili.
Imiqondiso emihle iye yavela kwicandelo lobugcisa: inkqubo yokubuyisa nokucoca i-DCM esebenza kakuhle kakhulu esekelwe kwizixhobo ezintsha zokufunxa iye yafakwa kuvavanyo lokusebenza kwezorhwebo eJamani. Le nkqubo ithi inyusa izinga lokubuyisa i-DCM ukusuka kwinkqubo yemizi-mveliso ngaphandle kwegesi ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-99% kwaye iyiphinda iyenze ibe sisinyibilikisi esinokusetyenziswa kwakhona, ibonelela ngesixhobo esitsha sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolileyo kunye neendleko zokusebenza.
Uhlalutyo lweNdlela yoShishino
Ukujonga phambili, imboni yeDCM iza kujongana nemeko enzima yokulandela uphuhliso oluzinzileyo phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo, kunye nezi ndlela zilandelayo ziphambili:
Ukutsalana Okude Phakathi Kommiselo Nokuthembela
Kwixesha elizayo elibonakalayo, imimiselo yezempilo neyokusingqongileyo yehlabathi kwi-DCM iya kuqiniswa kuphela, ingathomalaliswa. Ukuguquguquka kwayo, ubuthi obunokubakho kwimithambo-luvo kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo—nangona ingonakalisa ngokuthe ngqo umaleko we-ozone—iya kuyigcina ikwindawo egqamileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwexeshana kweendlela ezingabizi kakhulu, ezihambelanayo nokusebenza kwaye ezikhuselekileyo kwiindawo ezithile (ezifana nokuhlanganiswa kwezinye izinto ezidityanisiweyo zamayeza kunye nokucoca ngokuchanekileyo nge-elektroniki), i-DCM iya kuqhubeka ikhona phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo wokusetyenziswa okulawulwayo endaweni yokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo.
Ukwahluka okukhawulezileyo kunye nokutshintshwa kuzo zonke iiNdawo zeSicelo
Kwimimandla enemida yobuchwephesha ephantsi kunye nezinye izisombululo ezivuthiweyo, ezifana nezinye izicelo zokususa ipeyinti kunye nokucoca, isabelo semarike seDCM siya kutshintshwa ngokukhawuleza ziiarhente zokucoca ezisekelwe emanzini, ii-lactate esters okanye ezinye izinyibilikisi ezikhethekileyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, imfuno yobunyulu obuphezulu, iDCM esemgangathweni ophezulu iya kuhlala iqinile kwiindawo ezinzima ukuzitshintsha ezifana namayeza kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweekhemikhali eziphezulu. Ukukhula kweshishini kuya kuvela phantse ngokupheleleyo kula macandelo aphezulu, anexabiso eliphezulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Closed-loop kunye noLawulo lokukhupha ukungcola njengoMqathango wokusinda
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-DCM kwixesha elizayo kuya kubeka ugxininiso olukhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-closed-loop. Oku kuthetha ukuba amashishini avelisa kwaye asebenzisa i-DCM kufuneka atyale imali kwizixhobo ezivaliweyo eziphambili, iinkqubo zokubuyisa umphunga ezisebenzayo kakhulu (umz., ukufunxwa kwekhabhoni esebenzayo, ukubuyiswa komoya obandayo) kunye nobuchwepheshe bonyango lwe-end-of-pipe (umz., i-catalytic oxidation) ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhutshwa komoya kuncitshiswa ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi kakhulu. Amashishini anakho ukufikelela ekujikelezeni kwangaphakathi okusebenzayo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwe-DCM aya kufumana iingenelo ezinkulu ngokubhekiselele kwiindleko zokuthobela imithetho kunye nokuzinza kwekhonkco lokubonelela.
Ubuchule bobuchwephesha obujolise kuKhuseleko kunye nokuBuyisa
Ingqwalasela yophando nophuhliso kushishino ayisayi kuba kukwandisa amandla emveliso esisiseko ye-DCM, kodwa iya kuba kwiindawo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo: 1) Ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezikhuselekileyo, ezifana nokulungiselela okwenziwe ngokwezifiso okuncitshisiweyo; 2) Ukuvelisa ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisela nokucoca ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho kokubuyiselwa kwe-DCM kwigesi eyinkimbinkimbi kunye namanzi amdaka; 3) Ukuhlola izixhobo zenkqubo ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo ngakumbi ezifana nee-microreactors zokusetyenziswa kwe-DCM kwiindlela zokwenziwa ezingenakutshintshwa.
Ukwahluka kweMigaqo-nkqubo yeSithili okuBumba uRhwebo lweHlabathi
Ukutshintshatshintsha kobunzima bolawulo kwi-DCM kumazwe ngamazwe kunokukhokelela ekwahlukeni kwemveliso nokusetyenziswa kwemimandla. Iimveliso ezivela kwimimandla enemithetho ekhululekileyo zinokuthunyelwa kwiindawo ezilawulwa ngokungqongqo, kodwa zijongane nemiqobo yorhwebo ngaxeshanye. Utshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo kwiimarike ezinkulu zabathengi zehlabathi luza kuqhubeka nokuphazamisa ukuhamba korhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-DCM kunye nenkqubo yamaxabiso.
Ukuhlolwa Okuzinzileyo Kweendlela Ezingatshintshiyo Zokuluhlaza
Ekugqibeleni, uluntu lwezemfundo nolwezoshishino lwenza imizamo engapheliyo yokufumana ezinye iindlela ze-DCM ezinokusebenza ngokulinganayo okanye okwamkelekileyo kodwa iingozi eziphantsi zokusingqongileyo kunye nempilo. I-supercritical carbon dioxide, i-ionic liquids kunye ne-molecule solvents ezidizayinwe ngokusingqongileyo zonke ziyizikhokelo zophando ezinokubakho, nangona ukuthengiswa kwazo okukhulu kusathatha ixesha.
Ngamafutshane, ikamva le-DCM libali lokulinganisela ukusebenza okunamandla kunye nokukhula koxanduva loluntu. Ayiyi kunyamalala ngobusuku obunye, kodwa imeko yayo enelungelo iyaphela. Ishishini liza kutshintsha liye kwimodeli ecocekileyo, ekhethekileyo nevaliweyo. Kumashishini afanelekileyo, ukuziqhelanisa nemithetho engqongqo, ukutyala imali kubuchwepheshe obucocekileyo kunye nokuphonononga ngenkuthalo izisombululo ezizezinye zexesha elide kuya kuba yindlela ekuphela kwayo yokuhlangabezana nemingeni yexesha elizayo. Isahluko sezoshishino se-DCM siguquka ukusuka kwixesha lokusetyenziswa okungenamkhawulo ukuya kwiphepha elitsha lokusetyenziswa okulawulwayo.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-29-2026