I.Isishwankathelo soShishino kunye neNtlalo-phambili yoBugcisa
I-Polyacrylamide (PAM), njengenye yeekhemikhali zokucoca amanzi ezibalulekileyo, yenze inkqubela phambili enkulu kwimveliso entsha yetekhnoloji kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemarike kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngokwengxelo yamva nje yophando lwemarike, imakethi ye-PAM yehlabathi ifikelele kwi-$4.58 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2023 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ikhule iye kwi-$6.23 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2028, kunye nezinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiweyo le-6.3%. Icandelo lokucoca amanzi libandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-65% yokusetyenziswa kwayo yonke, lisebenza njengomqhubi ophambili wokukhula kweshishini.
1. Ukuphumelela kwi-Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)
Ngowama-2023, iqela lophando elivela kwiYunivesithi yeSayensi neTekhnoloji yaseTshayina lapapasha iziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwi-*Nature Water*, liphuhlisa ngempumelelo izinto ezintsha ze-APAM ezineempawu "zokuphendula okukrelekrele". Isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokushicilela iimolekyuli, le mveliso inokulungisa ngokuzenzekelayo ulwakhiwo lwayo lweemolekyuli ngokusekelwe kwiintlobo zongcoliseko emanzini, iphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa ii-ion zesinyithi esinzima ngama-40%, ngakumbi ezifanelekileyo ekunyangweni kwamanzi amdaka emigodini. Idatha yasentsimini evela kwiprojekthi yonyango lwamanzi amdaka emigodini yobhedu eJiangxi ibonise ukuba ezi zinto zifikelele kwi-99.2% yokususwa kwee-ion zebhedu ngelixa zinciphisa iindleko zonyango ngama-35%.
Kwangaxeshanye, iMitsubishi Chemical yaseJapan yazisa uthotho lwe-APAM olumelana nobushushu obuphezulu olugcina ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwi-80-120°C, lujongana nemingeni yobuchwephesha ekunyangweni kwamanzi amdaka e-oyile negesi. Le mveliso ibonakalise ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kwinkqubo yonyango lwamanzi e-oyile yaseSaudi Aramco, ikhawulezisa isantya sokwakheka kwe-floc ngama-50% kwaye inciphisa ixesha lokuzinza ukuya kwisibini kwisithathu seemveliso zesiqhelo.
2. Ukuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe kwiCationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Icandelo lokunyanga udaka libone utshintsho olukhulu. Ekuqaleni kowama-2024, i-BASF yaseJamani yaqalisa imveliso yesizukulwana esitsha ye-CPAM enobunzima obuphezulu kakhulu be-molecular enobunzima be-molecular obudlula i-20 yezigidi zeDaltons. Ngokusebenzisa itekhnoloji ekhethekileyo yokudibanisa, le mveliso yakha izakhiwo zenethiwekhi ezixineneyo ngexesha lokucocwa kodaka, ifikelela kumxholo wokufuma kodaka emva kokucocwa kodaka ongaphantsi kwe-58%—uphuculo lwe-10-pesenti kwiimveliso eziqhelekileyo. Emva kokusebenzisa le teknoloji, iParis Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant yonyuse umthamo wokucocwa kodaka nge-30% ngelixa inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali nge-15%.
Okuphawulekayo kukuba, inkampani entsha yaseDatshi iphuhlise i-CPAM ye-biosynthetic isebenzisa itekhnoloji yokuhlela iijini ye-CRISPR. Le nkqubo iveliswe nge-*E. coli* fermentation engineered, ithintela ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa kwe-acrylamide monomer, inciphisa ubuthi bemveliso nge-90% kwaye inciphise ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni nge-65% ngexesha lemveliso. Nangona iindleko zangoku zihlala zingaphezulu kwe-~20% kuneendlela zokwenziwa kweekhemikhali, kulindeleke ukuba kubekho iingenelo ezinkulu zokhuphiswano xa kufikelelwa kwimveliso esemgangathweni ngo-2026.
3. Usetyenziso olwandisiweyo lweNonionic Polyacrylamide (NPAM)
I-NPAM ibonisa iingenelo ezikhethekileyo kunyango lwamanzi olukhethekileyo. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2023, iDow Chemical yazisa uthotho lwe-NPAM olunobukrelekrele be-pH olulungisa ngokuzenzekelayo ulwandiso lwe-molecular chain ngaphakathi kwe-pH 2-12, luphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-nano-scale suspended solids ngokuphindwe ka-3-5. Le teknoloji isetyenziswe ngempumelelo ekulungiseleleni amanzi acocekileyo kakhulu kwishishini le-semiconductor, ifikelela kwimigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi ye-18.2 MΩ·cm.
Abaphandi baseMzantsi Korea baphuhlise i-NPAM ebonakalayo neyonakalayo ngokungenisa iiyunithi zesakhiwo ze-azobenzene. Iipolymers ezisele zinokonakala zibe ziikhompawundi ezincinci ze-molecule kwiiyure ezingama-48 phantsi kokukhanya kwendalo, zisombulule ngokupheleleyo imiba ye-PAM yendabuko. Le teknoloji iye yavavanywa kwiindawo ezithile zamanzi okusela aseSeoul, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ithengiswe ngo-2025.
II. Utshintsho kwiMarike kunye noPhuhliso lweMimandla
1. Utshintsho kwiNdawo yeMarike yeHlabathi
Ummandla waseAsia-Pacific ube yimarike yePAM ekhula ngokukhawuleza, ibiza i-46% yokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi ngo-2023, apho iChina inegalelo elikhulu ekukhuleni. Idatha evela kwi-China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation ibonisa ukuba imveliso yePAM yaseTshayina ifikelele kwiitoni ezingama-920,000 ngo-2023, apho ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kugcina izinga lokukhula lonyaka le-15%—ingakumbi kwiimveliso zeCPAM eziphezulu, apho ukuxhomekeka kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kuhlala kuphezulu njenge-40%.
Imarike yaseYurophu ibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Iqhutywa yimithetho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo, iimveliso ze-PAM ezinokubola zonyuse isabelo semarike ukusuka kwi-8% ngo-2020 ukuya kwi-22% ngo-2023. I-Veolia yaseFransi ibhengeze izicwangciso zokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo i-CPAM yendabuko ngezinye iindlela eziluhlaza ngo-2026.
Imakethi yaseMntla Melika, eqhutywa luphuhliso lwegesi yeshale, iyaqhubeka nemfuno enamandla ye-APAM. Ukungeniswa kwe-PAM eMelika kukhule nge-18% ngo-2023, apho ama-60% asetyenziselwa ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka e-oyile negesi. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, iMexico ivele njengendawo entsha yemveliso, apho iinkampani ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe ziseka iziseko zemveliso zasekuhlaleni.
2. Amaxabiso kunye neDynamics yeCandelo loNikezelo
Ukususela ngo-2023 ukuya ku-2024, iimarike zezinto eziluhlaza ze-PAM zifumene utshintsho olukhulu. Amaxabiso e-acrylamide monomer afikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwimbali kwi-Q3 ka-2023 kodwa abuyela kumanqanaba afanelekileyo kwi-Q2 ka-2024 njengoko i-China yongeza amandla amatsha emveliso. Nangona kunjalo, amaxabiso e-cationic reagent DMC (methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) aqhubekile nokunyuka ngenxa yokunikezelwa okuncinci kwe-propylene oxide, okwandisa iindleko zemveliso ye-CPAM nge-12-15%.
Ngokuphathelele uthungelwano lokubonelela, iinkokheli zoshishino zikhawulezise ukuhlanganiswa ngokuthe nkqo. I-Solvay Group ityale imali eyi-€300 yezigidi kwisiseko esitsha semveliso edibeneyo eBelgium, nto leyo evumela imveliso epheleleyo ukusuka kwi-acrylonitrile ukuya kwiimveliso zokugqibela. Kulindeleke ukuba iqaliswe ngo-2025, oku kuya kunciphisa iindleko ezipheleleyo ngama-20%. Amashishini amancinci naphakathi atshintshele kwi-specialization—umzekelo, i-Italmatch yase-Itali igxile ekuphuhliseni iifomyula ezikhethekileyo ze-APAM zokususa ityuwa emanzini olwandle.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-09-2025