Iimbalasane
● I-Rheology yemixube ye-surfactant engena-sulfate yebhinari ichazwa ngokwemivavanyo.
● Iziphumo ze-pH, ukwakheka kunye noxinzelelo lwe-ionic ziphandwa ngokucwangcisiweyo.
● Umlinganiselo wobunzima be-CAPB:SMCT surfactant we-1:0.5 wakha i-viscosity ephezulu ye-shear.
● Uxinzelelo olukhulu lwetyuwa lufuneka ukuze kufezekiswe ubuninzi be-shear viscosity.
● Ubude be-micellar contour obufunyenwe kwi-DWS buhambelana kakhulu ne-shear viscosity.
Isishwankathelo
Ekulandeleni amaqonga e-surfactant angena-sulfate kwisizukulwana esilandelayo, umsebenzi wangoku ubonelela ngophando lokuqala olucwangcisiweyo lwe-rheological lwe-Cocamidopropyl Betaine (CAPB)-Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate (SMCT) mixtures kuyo yonke i-composition, i-pH, kunye namandla e-ionic. Izisombululo zamanzi ze-CAPB-SMCT (uxinzelelo olupheleleyo lwe-surfactant olusebenzayo lwe-8–12 wt. %) zilungiselelwe kwiireyithingi ezininzi zobunzima be-surfactant, zilungiswe kwi-pHs 4.5 kunye ne-5.5, kwaye zafakwa i-tit nge-NaCl. Ukulinganiswa kwe-shear okuzinzileyo nokujikelezayo kwalinganisa i-macroscopic shear viscosity, ngelixa i-diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) microrheology ibonelele nge-viscoelastic moduli exazululwe rhoqo kunye nezikali zobude be-micellar. Phantsi kweemeko ezingenatyuwa, iifomyula zibonise i-rheology ye-Newtonian ene-viscosities ephezulu ye-shear kwi-CAPB:SMCT weight ratio ye-1:0.5, ebonisa i-cationic-anionic headgroup bridging ephuculweyo. Ukwehlisa i-pH ukusuka kwi-5.5 ukuya kwi-4.5 kunike i-net positive charge enkulu kwi-CAPB, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa i-electrostatic complexation nge-anionic SMCT epheleleyo kwaye kuvelisa iinethiwekhi ze-micellar eziqinileyo. Ukongezwa kwetyuwa ecwangcisiweyo kuguqule i-headgroup-headgroup repulsions, okuqhuba uguquko lwe-morphological ukusuka kwi-discrete micelles ukuya kwi-longed, wormlike aggregates. I-Zero-shear viscosities ibonise i-distinct maxima kwi-critical salt-to-surfactant ratios (R), igxininisa ibhalansi eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwe-electrostatic double-layer screening kunye ne-micellar elongation. I-DWS microrheology iqinisekisile le macroscopic observations, ityhila i-distinct Maxwellian spectra kwi-R ≥ 1, ehambelana neendlela zokwaphuka-ukuhlanganiswa kwe-reptation ezilawulwa yi-reptation. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, ubude be-entanglement kunye ne-resistance buhlale bungenakuguquguquka ngamandla e-ionic, ngelixa ubude be-contour bubonise ubudlelwane obuqinileyo kunye ne-zero-shear viscosity. Ezi ziphumo zigxininisa indima ebalulekileyo yokwandiswa kwe-micellar kunye ne-thermodynamic synergy ekulawuleni i-fluid viscoelasticity, zibonelela ngesakhelo sobunjineli be-surfactants ezingena-sulfate ezisebenza kakuhle ngokulawula ngokuchanekileyo uxinano lwe-charge, ukwakheka, kunye neemeko ze-ionic.
Isishwankathelo seMifanekiso
Intshayelelo
Iinkqubo ze-surfactant ezimanzi eziquka iintlobo ze-oppositely charged zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumacandelo amaninzi emizi-mveliso, kuquka izinto zokuthambisa, amayeza, iikhemikhali zezolimo, kunye namashishini okulungisa ukutya. Ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwezi nkqubo kubangelwa ikakhulu yimisebenzi yazo ephezulu ye-interfacial kunye ne-rheological, evumela ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kwiifomyula ezahlukeneyo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-synergistic kwe-surfactants ezinjalo kwi-wormlike, edibeneyo kunika iipropati ze-macroscopic ezilungelelaniswe kakhulu, kubandakanya ukwanda kwe-viscoelasticity kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-interfacial. Ngokukodwa, indibaniselwano ye-anionic kunye ne-zwitterionic surfactants ibonisa ukuphuculwa kwe-synergistic kumsebenzi womphezulu, i-viscosity, kunye ne-interfacial tension modulation. Ezi ndlela zokuziphatha zivela kwintsebenziswano eqinileyo ye-electrostatic kunye ne-steric phakathi kwamaqela e-polar head kunye ne-hydrophobic tails ye-surfactants, ngokuchaseneyo neenkqubo ze-single-surfactant, apho amandla e-electrostatic ahlaselayo adla ngokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle.
I-Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB; SMILES: I-CCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCCN+ (C)CC([O−])=O) yi-amphoteric surfactant esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-cosmetic formulations ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuncinci ekucoceni kunye neempawu zokulungisa iinwele. Indalo ye-zwitterionic ye-CAPB ivumela ukusebenzisana kwe-electrostatic kunye ne-anionic surfactants, iphucula uzinzo lwe-foam kwaye ikhuthaza ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-formulation. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo, imixube ye-CAPB kunye ne-sulfate-based surfactants, njenge-CAPB–sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), iye yaba sisiseko kwiimveliso zokhathalelo lomntu. Nangona kunjalo, nangona ukusebenza kwe-sulfate-based surfactants, iinkxalabo malunga nokukwazi kwazo ukucaphukisa isikhumba kunye nokuba khona kwe-1,4-dioxane, imveliso yenkqubo ye-ethoxylation, kuye kwabangela umdla kwezinye iindlela ezingena-sulfate. Abaviwa abathembisayo baquka i-amino-acid-based surfactants, ezifana ne-taurates, i-sarcosinates, kunye ne-glutamates, ezibonisa ukuhambelana okuphezulu kwe-biocompatibility kunye neempawu ezithambileyo [9]. Nangona kunjalo, amaqela amakhulu eentloko ze-polar zezi ndlela zidla ngokuthintela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ze-micellar ezixineneyo kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusetyenziswe ii-rheological modifiers.
I-Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate (SMCT; UKUNIKELA:
I-CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N(C)CCS(=O)(=O)O[Na]) yi-anionic surfactant eyenziwe njengetyuwa yesodium ngokusebenzisa i-amide coupling ye-N-methyltaurine (2-methylaminoethanesulfonic acid) ene-coconut-derived fatty acid chain. I-SMCT ine-amide-linked taurine headgroup kunye neqela le-anionic sulfonate elinamandla, okwenza ukuba libole kwaye lihambelane ne-pH yolusu, eliyibeka njengomviwa othembisayo we-sulfate-free formulations. I-Taurate surfactants ibonakaliswa yi-detergent yayo enamandla, ukuqina kwamanzi aqinileyo, ubumnene, kunye nozinzo lwe-pH olubanzi.
Iiparameter ze-Rheological, kuquka i-shear viscosity, i-viscoelastic moduli, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-yield, zibalulekile ekumiseleni uzinzo, ubume, kunye nokusebenza kweemveliso ezisekelwe kwi-surfactant. Umzekelo, i-shear viscosity ephezulu inokuphucula ukugcinwa kwe-substrate, ngelixa uxinzelelo lwe-yield lulawula ukunamathela kwefomyula kulusu okanye iinwele emva kokusetyenziswa. Ezi mpawu ze-rheological ze-macroscopic ziguqulwa zizinto ezininzi, kubandakanya uxinano lwe-surfactant, i-pH, ubushushu, kunye nokuba khona kwe-co-solvents okanye izongezo. I-surfactants ezichaziweyo ngokuchaseneyo zinokudlula kwiinguqu ezahlukeneyo ze-microstructural, ukusuka kwi-spherical micelles kunye ne-vesicles ukuya kwi-liquid crystalline phases, ezichaphazela kakhulu i-bulk rheology. Imixube ye-amphoteric kunye ne-anionic surfactants idla ngokwenza i-elongated wormlike micelles (WLMs), ephucula kakhulu iipropati ze-viscoelastic. Ukuqonda ubudlelwane be-microstructure-property, ke ngoko, kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza kwemveliso.
Izifundo ezininzi zovavanyo ziphande iinkqubo zebinary ezifanayo, ezifana ne-CAPB-SLES, ukuze kucaciswe isiseko se-microstructural seempawu zazo. Umzekelo, uMitrinova et al. [13] udibanise ubungakanani be-micelle (i-hydrodynamic radius) kunye ne-solution viscosity kwi-CAPB-SLES-medium-chain co-surfactant mixtures esebenzisa i-rheometry kunye ne-dynamic light scattering (DLS). I-rheometry ye-mechanical inika ukuqonda kwi-microstructural evolution yale mixtures kwaye inokongezwa yi-optical microrheology isebenzisa i-diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) eyandisa indawo ye-frequency efikelelekayo, ibamba i-short-timescale dynamics ehambelana kakhulu neenkqubo zokuphumla ze-WLM. Kwi-DWS microrheology, i-mean square displacement ye-embedded colloidal probes ilandelwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, ivumela ukukhutshwa kwe-linear viscoelastic moduli ye-rounding medium ngokusebenzisa i-generalized Stokes-Einstein relation. Le ndlela ifuna kuphela iisampulu ezincinci zesampulu kwaye ke ngoko iluncedo ekufundeni ulwelo oluntsonkothileyo olunokufumaneka okuncinci kwezinto, umz. ii-formulations ezisekelwe kwiproteni. Uhlalutyo lwedatha ye-< Δr²(t)> kwi-wide frequency spectra lunceda ekuqikeleleni iiparameter ze-micellar ezifana nobukhulu be-mesh, ubude be-entanglement, ubude be-resistance, kunye nobude be-contour. U-Amin nabanye babonise ukuba imixube ye-CAPB-SLES ihambelana nezibikezelo ezivela kwithiyori kaCates, ebonisa ukwanda okubonakalayo kwi-viscosity kunye nokongezwa kwetyuwa kude kube noxinzelelo lwetyuwa olubalulekileyo, ngaphaya koko i-viscosity yehla ngokukhawuleza—impendulo eqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo ze-WLM u-Xu no-Amin basebenzise i-mechanical rheometry kunye ne-DWS ukuhlola imixube ye-SLES-CAPB-CCB, betyhila impendulo ye-Maxwellian rheological ebonisa ukwakheka kwe-WLM edibeneyo, eyaqinisekiswa ngakumbi ziiparameter ze-microstructural ezifunyenwe kwiimilinganiselo ze-DWS. Ukwakha phezu kwezi ndlela, uphando lwangoku ludibanisa i-mechanical rheometry kunye ne-DWS microrheology ukucacisa indlela ukuhlelwa kwakhona kwe-microstructural okuqhuba ngayo ukuziphatha kwe-shear yemixube ye-CAPB-SMCT.
Ngenxa yokwanda kwemfuno yezinto zokucoca ezithambileyo nezihlala ixesha elide, ukuphononongwa kwe-anionic surfactants ezingena-sulfate kuye kwanda nangona kukho imingeni yokwenza izinto. Uyilo olwahlukileyo lweemolekyuli zeenkqubo ezingena-sulfate luhlala luvelisa iiprofayili ezahlukeneyo ze-rheological, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuphucula i-viscosity efana netyuwa okanye i-polymeric thickening. Umzekelo, uYorke et al. baphonononge ezinye iindlela ezingezizo ze-sulfate ngokuphanda ngokucwangcisiweyo iipropati ze-foaming kunye ne-rheological ze-binary kunye ne-ternary surfactant mixtures ezine-alkyl olefin sulfonate (AOS), alkyl polyglucoside (APG), kunye ne-lauryl hydroxysultaine. Umlinganiselo we-1:1 we-AOS-sultaine ubonise iimpawu ze-shear-thinning kunye ne-foam ezifana ne-CAPB-SLES, nto leyo ebonisa ukwakheka kwe-WLM. URajput et al. [26] baphonononge enye i-anionic surfactant engena-sulfate, i-sodium cocoyl glycinate (SCGLY), kunye ne-nonionic co-surfactants (cocamide diethanolamine kunye ne-lauryl glucoside) nge-DLS, SANS, kunye ne-rheometry. Nangona i-SCGLY yodwa yakha ii-micelles ezingqukuva, ukongezwa kwe-co-surfactant kwenze ukuba kwakhiwe ii-modphologies ze-micellar ezintsonkothileyo, ezilungele ukuguquguquka okuqhutywa yi-pH.
Nangona le nkqubela phambili, uphando oluncinci kakhulu luye lwajolisa kwiimpawu ze-rheological zeenkqubo ezingenayo i-sulfate ezizinzileyo ezibandakanya i-CAPB kunye ne-taurates. Olu phononongo lujolise ekuzaliseni esi sikhewu ngokubonelela ngomnye weempawu zokuqala ze-rheological zenkqubo ye-CAPB-SMCT binary. Ngokutshintsha ukwakheka kwe-surfactant ngokucwangcisiweyo, i-pH, kunye namandla e-ionic, sicacisa izinto ezilawula i-shear viscosity kunye ne-viscoelasticity. Sisebenzisa i-mechanical rheometry kunye ne-DWS microrheology, silinganisa uhlengahlengiso lwe-microstructural oluphantsi kokuziphatha kwe-shear ye-CAPB-SMCT mixtures. Ezi ziphumo zicacisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-pH, i-CAPB-SMCT ratio, kunye namanqanaba e-ionic ekukhuthazeni okanye ekuthinteleni ukwakheka kwe-WLM, ngaloo ndlela sinika ulwazi olusebenzayo lokulungelelanisa iiprofayili ze-rheological zeemveliso ezisekelwe kwi-surfactant ezizinzileyo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-05-2025